Banana+War

//For the 1934–1935 Banana war against U.S. monopolies and Central American countries see [|Union of Banana Exporting Countries] .// The American/Caribbean Wars were a series of occupations, police actions, and interventions involving the [|United States] in [|Central America] and the [|Caribbean]. This period started with the [|Spanish-American War] in 1898 [|[1]] and the subsequent [|Treaty of Paris], which gave the United States control of [|Cuba] and [|Puerto Rico]. Between the time of the war with Spain and 1934, the United States conducted military operations and occupations in [|Panama], [|Honduras] , [|Nicaragua] , [|Mexico] , [|Haiti] , and the [|Dominican Republic]. The series of conflicts ended with the [|withdrawal] of troops from Haiti and President [|Franklin D. Roosevelt] 's [|Good Neighbor Policy] in 1934. [ [|hide] ] *  [|1 Origins] ||
 * == Contents ==
 * [|2 Scope]
 * [|3 American military]
 * [|3.1 Notable veterans]
 * [|4 See also]
 * [|5 References]
 * [|5.1 Footnotes]
 * [|5.2 Notations]

[ [|edit] ] Origins
Further information: [|Monroe Doctrine] //United States Marines with the captured flag of [|Augusto César Sandino] of [|Nicaragua] in 1932.// Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in nature. This conflict was called "Banana Wars" and it arises from the connections between these interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region. Most prominently, the [|United Fruit Company] had significant financial stakes in production of [|bananas], [|tobacco] , [|sugar cane] , and various other products throughout the Caribbean, Central America and [|Northern South America]. The U.S. was also advancing its political interests, maintaining a [|sphere of influence] and controlling the [|Panama Canal] which it had recently built, critically important to global trade and naval power.

[ [|edit] ] Scope
// [|William Allen Rogers] cartoon depicting [|Theodore Roosevelt] 's [|Big Stick Ideology] .//         American warships [|off Veracruz in 1914]. Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the point of coercion. [|Theodore Roosevelt] declared the [|Roosevelt Corollary] to the [|Monroe Doctrine] in 1904, asserting the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909-1913, President [|William Howard Taft] and his [|Secretary of State] [|Philander C. Knox] asserted a more "peaceful and economic" [|Dollar Diplomacy] foreign policy, although that too was backed by force, as in [|Nicaragua].
 * ** [|Cuba and Puerto Rico] **, U.S. intervention in Cuba and invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898.
 * ** [|Panama] **, U.S. interventions in the isthmus go back to the 1846 [|Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty] and intensified after the so-called [|Watermelon War] of 1856. In 1903, [|Panama] [|seceded from the Republic of Colombia], backed by the U.S. government, [|[2]] amidst the [|Thousand Days War] . The [|Panama Canal] was under construction by then, and the [|Panama Canal Zone] , under United States sovereignty, was then created (it was handed down to Panama as of 2000).
 * ** [|Nicaragua] **, which, after intermittent landings and naval bombardments in the previous decades, was occupied by the U.S. almost continuously from 1912 through 1933.
 * ** [|Cuba] **, occupied by the U.S. from 1898-1902 under military governor [|Leonard Wood], and again from 1906–1909, 1912 and 1917–1922; governed by the terms of the [|Platt Amendment] through 1934.
 * ** [|Haiti] **, occupied by the U.S. from 1915–1934, which led to the creation of a new Haitian constitution in 1917 that instituted changes that included an end to the prior ban on land ownership by non-Haitians. Including the First and Second [|Caco Wars] . [|[3]]
 * ** [|Dominican Republic] **, action in 1903, 1904, and 1914; occupied by the U.S. from 1916-1924.
 * ** [|Honduras] **, where the [|United Fruit Company] and [|Standard Fruit Company] dominated the country's key banana export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925. [|[4]] Writer [|O. Henry] coined the term " [|Banana republic] " in 1904 to describe Honduras.
 * ** [|Mexico] **, The U.S. military involvements with ** [|Mexico] ** in this period are related to the same general commercial and political causes, but stand as a special case. The Americans conducted the [|Border War] with Mexico from 1910-1919 for additional reasons: to control the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (//pacificos//), and to counter rebel raids into U.S. territory. The 1914 U.S. [|occupation of Veracruz], however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an issue of border integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German [|munitions] to the government of Mexican leader [|Victoriano Huerta] , [|[5]] whom US President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. [|[5]] In the years prior to World War I, the U.S. was also alert to the regional balance of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as shown by the 1914 [|SS //Ypiranga//] arms-shipping incident, German saboteur [|Lothar Witzke] 's base in Mexico City, the 1917 [|Zimmermann Telegram] and German advisors present during the 1918 [|Battle of Ambos Nogales] . Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the US military occupy Mexico; [|[6]] during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and between the years 1916 and 1917, when US General [|John Pershing] and his army came to Mexico to lead a [|nationwide search for Pancho Villa].

[ [|edit] ] American military
These military interventions were most often carried out by the [|United States Marine Corps]. The Marines were called in so often that they developed a [|Small Wars Manual], //The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars// in 1921. On occasion, U.S. [|Naval gunfire] and [|U.S. Army] troops were also used. Perhaps the single most active military officer in the Banana Wars was [|U.S. Marine Corps] [|Major General], [|Smedley Butler] , who saw action in Honduras in 1903, served in Nicaragua enforcing American policy from 1909–1912, was awarded the [|Medal of Honor] for his role in Veracruz in 1914, and a second Medal of Honor for bravery while "crush(ing) the Caco resistance" in Haiti in 1915. In 1935, Butler wrote in his famous book // [|War Is a Racket] //: //I spent 33 years and four months in active military service and during that period I spent most of my time as a high class muscle man for [|Big Business], for [|Wall Street] and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism. I helped make [|Mexico] and especially [|Tampico safe] for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make [|Haiti] and [|Cuba] a decent place for the [|National City Bank] boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen [|Central American] republics for the benefit of Wall Street. I helped [|purify Nicaragua] for the [|International Banking House] of [|Brown Brothers] in 1902-1912. I brought light to the [|Dominican Republic for the American sugar interests in 1916]. I helped [|make Honduras right] for the American fruit companies in 1903. In [|China in 1927] I helped see to it that [|Standard Oil] went on its way unmolested. Looking back on it, I might have given [|Al Capone] a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents.//


 * Banana Republic** is an American clothing brand founded by [|Mel] and [|Patricia Ziegler] in 1978 as a tropical travel-themed clothing company; it has subsequently transformed into a mainstream luxury clothing retailer. The company was bought by [|Gap] in 1983 and now operates as a division. [|[1]] Banana Republic has over 600 stores located internationally.

[ [|hide] ] *  [|1 History]
 * == Contents ==
 * [|2 Profile]
 * [|3 Clothing lines]
 * [|4 Store count]
 * [|5 References]
 * [|6 External links] ||

The original Banana Republic was founded by [|Mel] and [|Patricia Ziegler] in 1978. It was a two-store [|safari] and travel-themed clothing company. The majority of sales came from its eccentric[// [|by whom?] //], hand-illustrated [|catalog], which presented high-end and unique items with chatty, usually fictional[// [|citation needed] //] [|backstories] from exotic locations, as well as more pedestrian[// [|by whom?] //] high-volume products deliberately spiced up with a similar treatment. Many of the backstories were written by well-known authors including Cyra McFadden, author also of The Serial and Rain or Shine[// [|citation needed] //]. As Banana Republic expanded its retail operation, it became known for the themed decoration in its stores, often featuring authentic elements, such as real [|Jeeps] and foliage, as well as atmospheric elements, such as fog and steam.

[|The Gap, Inc.] acquired Banana Republic in 1983, eventually rebranding it as a mainstream luxury clothing retailer. The literate articles, hand-drawn catalogue, and eccentric tourist-oriented items were phased out and were replaced with more luxurious, but less unique, items for which the brand is currently known (as of 2012). To set itself apart from Gap as a more upmarket brand, Banana Republic occasionally buys and refurbishes historic buildings for its retail locations.

Banana Republic on Saint Catherine Street in [|Montreal], [|Quebec].

The company operates more than 500 Banana Republic stores in the United States (including [|Puerto Rico] ) and 26 stores in Canada. The Gap, Inc. is expanding its international presence with franchise agreements for Gap and Banana Republic in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.

Banana Republic opened its first store outside North America in 2005 in Ginza, Tokyo's most prestigious shopping district. Banana Republic's presence in South Korea debuted on August 24, 2007 with a flagship store in the Apkujeong district of Seoul. In 2007, the first Banana Republic stores opened at [|The Avenues shopping mall] in Kuwait City, Kuwait; [|Senayan City] in Jakarta, Indonesia; and [|Pavilion Kuala Lumpur] in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Banana Republic opened its first store in [|Turkey] on March 15, 2008 in the [|Kanyon Shopping Mall] in [|Istanbul]. [|[2]] By May 2008, [|İstinye] Park Shopping Mall and [|Nişantaşı] stores were also opened in Istanbul. More stores are planned to be opened in [|Ankara] and [|İzmir] by the end of 2008 to bring the total number of stores in Turkey to six. [|[3]]

Banana Republic was first introduced in [|Saudi Arabia] in late 2008, with a first opening in [|Mall of Arabia] in [|Jeddah] and a second opening in Riyadh Gallery Mall in [|Riyadh] in March 2009.

On March 20, 2008, Banana Republic opened its 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) flagship store on Regent Street in London, England. [|[4]] On May 9, 2008, Banana Republic opened its flagship store on [|Greenbelt 5] in [|Makati City], [|Philippines].


 * Collections* BR Monogram [|[5]]
 * Edition by Banana Republic [|[6]]
 * Heritage || Capsule collections* Luxe Leisure
 * Mad Men® ||

As of the end of Q1 2011, Banana Republic had 642 company owned or franchised stores in operation across 32 countries, shipped to 20 countries through company owned websites, and had the ability to ship to more than 50 countries through a 3rd party. [|[7]]


 * < North America* [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png width="22" height="11"]] [|Canada] 40
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png width="22" height="12"]] [|United States] 536 ||< Asia* [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png width="22" height="13"]] [|Bahrain] 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Indonesia] 3
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Japan] 28
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png width="22" height="11"]] [|Kuwait] 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png width="22" height="11"]] [|Malaysia] 2
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png width="22" height="11"]] [|Philippines] 4
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png width="22" height="9"]] [|Qatar] 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Russia] 2
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Saudi Arabia] 3
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Singapore] 2
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|South Korea] 9
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Turkey] 6
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png width="22" height="11"]] [|United Arab Emirates] 3 ||< Europe* [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Italy] 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|France] 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png width="22" height="11"]] [|United Kingdom] 8 ||<  ||

Africa


 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Morocco] 1

South America


 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Chile] 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/22px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png width="22" height="13"]] [|Costa Rica] Soon 1
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/22px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png width="22" height="15"]] [|Panama] 2